Clean Architecture in iOS: A Comprehensive Guide for iOS Programmers

When developing an iOS app, every programmer aims for a neat and clean code structure that is easy to read, understand, and modify later. However, with thousands of lines of code, maintaining optimal readability and understandability often comes rarely.

To tackle this problem, iOS developers are now embracing clean architecture principles. By adopting clean architecture in iOS development, programmers bifurcate the entire code into distinct layers. Each of these layers separates the codebase by concerns or use.

Being an experienced iOS app development company, we have valuable experience in implementing a clean architecture for iOS projects. In this blog, we have comprehended all this information to guide you through the essentials of clean architecture in iOS app development.

5 Reasons to Use Clean Architecture in iOS App Development

Why do developers need to care about software architectures? Here are a few reasons:

1. Without a systematic architecture, a program would be a disoriented set of codes and commands that are hard to work through.
2. By implementing clean architecture philosophies to your iOS development project, you can streamline your code repository with managed dependencies.
3. With almost 2 million apps on the App Store (as per Apple’s report), a clean architecture is what will differentiate your app from the competitors.
4. Your program will stand out in terms of manageability and upgradability.
5. Adding new features becomes a lot easier when the source code is easy to understand.

However, there’s more to clean architecture than easy-to-read codes. Let’s take a look at some noteworthy advantages of clean iOS architectures.

5 Key Features of a Clean iOS App Architecture

While there are numerous software architecture principles, Robert C. Martin’s clean architecture philosophy stands out for 5 main reasons. Codes written in clean architecture are modular, reusable, scalable, readable, and collaborative. Let’s understand each feature in detail.

1. Modular

   iOS apps made using clean architecture principles have modular components. The entire app is divided into four key layers- the domain layer, the application layer, the infrastructure layer, and the presentation layer. This modular separation of layers enables iOS developers to make changes in one layer with minimal impact on the other.

2. Reusable

   Implementing clean architecture principles allows for code reuse across different parts of the iOS application. Since the codebase is separated by concerns, it is easy to create independent components of code that can be used again and again.

3. Scalable

   A clean iOS architecture breaks the app into different layers, hence promoting clean coding. This way, the developers can add new features and functionalities to the code easily, and that too without disrupting other layers of the program.

4. Readable

   One of the most noteworthy characteristics of a clean architecture in iOS is easy code readability. This architectural pattern has a comprehensive view. Different components of the code are stored in predefined folders, eliminating code clutter and promoting ease of understanding.

5. Collaborative

   Clean architecture offers iOS developers a collaborative environment to work with. With a clear separation of concerns, the front-end and back-end teams can work parallelly. Moreover, multiple developers can work on the same codebase easily due to a concise and intuitive code pattern.

Implementing clean architecture principles in iOS app development has these benefits. Now, let’s examine the layers of clean architectural patterns.

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Layers of a Clean iOS Architecture

An iOS program made with the clean architecture philosophy is divided into 4 layers- domain, application, infrastructure, and presentation.

1. Domain Layer

   • Also known as the entities layer, the domain layer is the centre-most layer of the iOS program.
   • The domain layer stores all the core business logic, entities, and business rules of the application.
   • This layer acts as the foundation of the application and governs the core concepts and behavior of the domain.
   • The domain layer is independent and isolated and is not bound to any technology or framework.

2. Application Layer

   • The application layer is also known as the use cases layer or interactors layer and includes business rules and use cases specific to the application.
   • The application layer handles high-level business logic and executes use cases.
   • Each use case is a functionality that your iOS app can perform to achieve the desired goals.
   • Executing a use case will coordinate the flow of data between entities to achieve an objective.
   • It is the application layer that separates the concerns of the domain layer and the interface layer.

3. Infrastructure Layer

   • The infrastructure layer contains all the external dependencies and services that are required to run the iOS application.
   • The infrastructure layer provides a solid mechanism to implement the user interfaces defined in the interface layer.
   • The components of the infrastructure layer handle tasks like logging, data storage, caching, network communication, and more.
   • Clean architecture in iOS enables the infrastructure layer to remain easily upgradable and replaceable.

4. Presentation Layer

   • The presentation layer is the outermost layer of the iOS application and handles the user interface and presentation of output.
   • This layer takes input from the users and translates data from the application layer into a suitable output.
   • The components of the presentation layer depend on the technology stack and frameworks.
   • The presentation layer works with the application layer through well-defined interfaces These interfaces separate the user interface from the business logic.

The core principle of these layers is the dependency rule, also known as the Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP). This rule says:

These were the 4 layers and dependency flow in a clean architecture in iOS. Now, let’s take a look at the principles of clean architecture to better understand the role of each layer.

5 Core Principles of Clean iOS Architecture

What distinguishes a clean architecture from a cluttered one? As per our software architecture team at Space-O Technologies, clean architecture has certain qualities that make it stand out. This section will shed light on all these qualities.

1. Independent of Frameworks

   A clean architecture does not rely on external frameworks, libraries, or tools to function. Instead, the iOS application remains agnostic of implementation details and external dependencies. This way, the framework is implemented as a mere tool instead of a vital organ.

2. Independent of UI

   In a clean iOS architecture, the user interface of the application changes seamlessly without making any changes to other layers. You could replace your iOS application’s UI with a web UI without making any changes to the core business logic, therefore promoting modularity.

3. Independent of Database

   The business rules of a clean architecture are not bound to database implementation. This means separating business logic from the database, allowing programmers to shift the local database to any other technology at any time.

4. Independent of External Factors

   The business rules of a clean architecture are isolated from external agencies. All the dependencies are managed and implemented independently. This way, a change in business logic does not necessitate changing external dependencies from third-party services.

5. Seamless Testability

   The iOS developers can test the business logic, use cases, and external dependencies individually. No two layers are dependent on each other. Therefore, the testing team can test the app at different levels (unit test, integration test, and acceptance test.)

These were the fundamentals of creating an iOS app with a clean architecture. Now, let’s look at some of the patterns of clean architecture that can be used for developing iOS apps.

Top 3 Clean Architecture Patterns for iOS Development

Select the right clean architecture pattern to build a powerful iOS application. Here we have discussed three of the most popular clean architecture patterns for iOS- VIPER, MVVM, and Clean Swift (VIP).

1. VIPER

   

   VIPER (View, Interactor, Presenter, Entity, and Router) is one of the most commonly used iOS development architectures. This architecture pattern helps developers write clean and concise codes that are divided into separate components based on their roles.

   Each component of the program defines the data flow in the application. Let’s understand these components in detail.

   • View: The View component represents the user interface of the application. This component receives user input and displays data to the user.
   • Interactor: This component contains all the use cases for different scenarios and operations of the iOS application, from fetching information to performing operations.
   • Presenter: The presenter is a mediator between the View and the Interactor. The presenter takes user input from the View, performs operations with the Interactor, and converts data into a presentable form for the user.
   • Entity: Entity contains all the data structure and business logic of the iOS app. This information is usually stored in classes and structures.
   • Router: The router is responsible for navigation and flow control. This component helps the user transition from one screen to the other.

2. MVVM

   
   MVVM stands for Model-View-ViewModel and is another popular architecture pattern. The MVVM pattern entirely separates the user interface from the application logic. This pattern overcomes the shortages of other popular patterns like MVP and MVC.

   • Model: This component contains the business logic and data layers of the application. The Model abstracts data structures and validation rules of the program.
   • View: View is the user interface component of the iOS program. View takes user input, informs ViewModel of the user’s action, and presents data to the users.
   • ViewModel: ViewModel acts as an intermediary between View and Model and facilitates data binding. ViewModel interprets inputs from the View, updates the Model, and exposes relevant data streams to the View.

   Want to know more about implementing the MVVM pattern in your iOS project?

3. Clean Swift (VIP)

   
   Clean Swift, a.k.a. VIP (View, Interactor, Presenter). Clean Swift offers ready-to-use Xcode templates to code your iOS application. These templates are neatly arranged and are easy to modify later on.

   • View Controller: The View Controller interacts with the user, captures their inputs, changes the UI based on changes in the data, and receives callbacks.
   • Interactor: Interactor contains the business logic in your iOS app. This component can fetch and process data and even implement business rules.
   • Presenter: The presenter acts as an intermediary between the View Controller and the Interactor. It takes input from the View Controller, processes it through the Interactor, and formats it to be given to the user.
   • Model: Entities are data models within the iOS application. They define data structures, contain business objectives, and represent domain-specific concepts.
   • Router: The Router decides which screen the user should go to next. This decision is based on the actions of the user and the output generated from app logic.
   • Worker: This is an optional component that executes tasks not related to business logic per se. The Interactor may use this component for asynchronous or time-consuming tasks.

Now that you know about some of the top clean architecture patterns for iOS development, let’s take a look at some project examples. Doing so will help you understand how to execute your iOS code with a clean architecture.

Examples of Apps in Clean Architecture Patterns

1. Weather App in VIPER

   • View: The View component in the weather forecast app will contain codes for displaying weather information. This component will also take the user’s inputs as commands.

   Example: WeatherViewController.swift

   import UIKit
    class  WeatherVC: UIViewController, WeatherViewProtocol  {
    	let  presenter: WeatherPresenterProtocol
    	init  (presenter: WeatherPresenterProtocol) {
    		self .presenter = presenter
    		self.init(nibName: "", bundle: nil)
    	}
    	required init? (coder: NSCoder ) {
    		return nil
    	}
    	override func viewDidLoad () {
    		super.viewDidLoad()
    		setUI()
    	}
    	fileprivate func  setUI () {
    		 // Implement UI setup here
    	}
    }
    extension  WeatherVC : UIViewController{
    	func handle(_ output: WeatherPresenterOutputs) {
    		// Implement handling presenter outputs here
    	}
    }   
   
   • Interactor: Here the interactor is responsible for fetching the weather data from the server and processing it for the application.

   Example: WeatherInteractor.swift

   final class WeatherInteractor: WeatherInteractorProtocol {
   	weak var delegate: WeatherInteractorDelegate!
   }
   • Presenter: The Presenter acts as an intermediary between the View Controller and Interactor. It will take commands from the user and process them using the Interactor.

   Example: WeatherPresenter.swift

   
   	final class WeatherPresenter: WeatherPresenterProtocol  {
   	private let interactor: WeatherInteractorProtocol
   	private let router: WeatherRouterProtocol
   	weak var view: WeatherViewProtocol?
   	init(_router: WeatherRouterProtocol, _ interactor: WeatherInteractorProtocol){
   		self.router = router
   		self.interactor = interactor
   		interactor.delegate = self
   	}
   }
   extension  WeatherPresenter: WeatherInteractorDelegate {
   	func  handle(_ output: WeatherInteractorOutputs) {
   	}
   }
   
   • Entities: This is the data model of the iOS application. In the context of a weather app, Entities will refer to the weather data that was previously fetched from the server.

   Example: WeatherData.swift

   //PRESENTER
   protocol WeatherPresenterProtocol: AnyObject  {
       // Define presenter methods here
   }
   enum WeatherPresenterOutputs {
       case showError(String)
       case showData
   }
   //INTERACTOR
   protocol WeatherInteractorProtocol: AnyObject{
       var delegate: WeatherInteractorDelegate? { get set }
   }
   protocol WeatherInteractorDelegate: AnyObject  {
       func handle(_ output: WeatherInteractorOutputs)
   }
   enum WeatherInteractorOutputs {
       case sendError(String)
       case sendData
   }
   //ROUTER
   protocol WeatherRouterProtocol: AnyObject {
       var view: WeatherViewProtocol? { get set }
       func navigate(_ route: WeatherRoutes)
   }
   enum WeatherRoutes {
       
   }
   //VIEW
   protocol WeatherViewProtocol: AnyObject {
       func handle(_ output: WeatherPresenterOutputs)
   }
   
   • Router: The Router will navigate the user from one screen of the weather app to the other. It will also decide on presenting and dismissing View Controllers.

   Example: WeatherRouter.swift

   import UIKit
   final class WeatherRouter: WeatherRouterProtocol {
       // MARK: - Properties
       weak var view: WeatherViewProtocol?
   
       // MARK: - Initialization
       init() {
           // Initialize any properties or dependencies here
       }
       
       // MARK: - Navigation
       func navigate(_ route: WeatherRoutes) {
           // Implement navigation logic here based on the route
       }
   }

2. To-do List App in MVVM

   • Model: The Model layer in a to-do list app will contain a data structure that represents to-do items.

   Example: TodoItem.swift

   import Foundation
   struct TodoItem {
       var id: UUID
       var title: String
       var completed: Bool
   }
   
   • View: This component in our to-do list app will display a list of to-do items to the user and will take their input. This input can be check-marking an item and adding/editing/removing an item.

   Example: TodoListViewController.swift

   import UIKit
   class TodoListViewController: UIViewController, TodoListViewModelDelegate {
       @IBOutlet weak var tableView: UITableView!
       var viewModel: TodoListViewModel!
       override func viewDidLoad() {
           super.viewDidLoad()
           
           // Initialize view model and set delegate
           viewModel = TodoListViewModel()
           viewModel.delegate = self
   
           // Fetch todo items
           viewModel.fetchTodoItems()
       }
       // Implement UITableViewDataSource and UITableViewDelegate methods to display to-do items
       func didFetchTodoItems() {
       // Implement logic to update UI with fetched todo items
       }
   }
   • ViewModel: In a to-do app, the ViewModel component will fetch the list of to-do items from the Model component and display them in the View component.

   Example: TodoListViewModel.swift

   import Foundation
   protocol TodoListViewModelDelegate: AnyObject {
       func didFetchTodoItems()
   }
   class TodoListViewModel {
       weak var delegate: TodoListViewModelDelegate?
       var todoItems: [TodoItem] = []
       func fetchTodoItems() {
           // Fetch to-do items from Model (e.g., database)
           delegate?.didFetchTodoItems()
       }
       // Other methods for updating, adding, or deleting to-do items
   }

3. Note-taking App in Clean Swift

   • View Controller: This component will be responsible for displaying a list of notes to the user and capturing their inputs. These inputs can be adding/removing notes and formatting text.

   Example: NotesViewController.swift

   import UIKit
   
   protocol NotesDisplay: AnyObject {
       func displayNotes(viewModel: Notes.FetchNotes.ViewModel)
   }
   
   class NotesViewController: UITableViewController, NotesDisplay {
       var interactor: NotesBusinessLogic?
       var router: (NSObjectProtocol & NotesRoutingLogic & NotesDataPassing)?
   
       // MARK: Object lifecycle
       override init(nibName nibNameOrNil: String?, bundle nibBundleOrNil: Bundle?) {
           super.init(nibName: nibNameOrNil, bundle: nibBundleOrNil)
           setup()
       }
       
       required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) {
           super.init(coder: aDecoder)
           setup()
       }
       
       // MARK: Setup
       private func setup() {
           let viewController = self
           let interactor = NotesInteractor()
           let presenter = NotesPresenter()
           let router = NotesRouter()
           
           viewController.interactor = interactor
           viewController.router = router
           
           interactor.presenter = presenter
           presenter.viewController = viewController
           router.viewController = viewController
           router.dataStore = interactor
       }
       
       override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
           super.viewWillAppear(animated)
           let request = Notes.FetchNotes.Request()
           interactor?.fetchNotes(request: request)
       }
       
       func displayNotes(viewModel: Notes.FetchNotes.ViewModel) {
             
       }
   }
   • Interactor: The Interactor will fetch and process notes from the central repository.

   Example: NotesInteractor.swift

   import UIKit
   
   protocol NotesBusinessLogic {
       func fetchNotes(request: Notes.FetchNotes.Request)
   }
   
   protocol NotesDataStore {
       var notes: [Notes]? { get }
   }
   
   class NotesInteractor: NotesBusinessLogic, NotesDataStore {
       var presenter: NotesPresentationLogic?
       var notes: [Notes]?
       
       func fetchNotes(request: Notes.FetchNotes.Request) {
           // Implement fetching notes logic here
       }
   }
   • Presenter: The Presenter will take the inputs from the View Controller (edit, create, delete notes) and process them using the Interactor. This input will then be sent back to the View Controller as a result.

   Example: NotesPresenter.swift

   import UIKit
   protocol NotesPresentationLogic {
       func presentFetchedOrders(response: Notes.FetchNotes.Response)
   }
   class NotesPresenter: NotesPresentationLogic {
       weak var viewController: NotesDisplay?
       func presentFetchedOrders(response: Notes.FetchNotes.Response) {
           let displayedNotes: [Notes.FetchNotes.ViewModel.DisplayedNotes] = []
           let viewModel = Notes.FetchNotes.ViewModel(displayedNotes: displayedNotes)
         viewController?.displayNotes(viewModel: viewModel)
       }
   }
   • Model: The Model/Entity is the data model of the application. In a note-taking app, this model will be the note that the user adds to the application.

   Example: Note.swift

   import UIKit
   enum Notes {
       // MARK: Use cases
       enum FetchNotes {
           struct Request {
               // Request input for fetching notes
           }
           struct Response {
               var notes: [Note]
           }
           
           struct ViewModel {
               struct DisplayedNotes {
                   var id: String
                   var date: String
                   var email: String
                   var name: String
                   var total: String
               }
               
               var displayedNotes: [DisplayedNotes]
           }
       }
   }
   
   struct Note {
       // Properties of a Note object
       // Add properties as needed
   }
   
   • Router: The router will help the user navigate from one screen of the note-taking app to the other. The user can switch screens based on their commands and outputs.

   Example: NotesRouter.swift

   import UIKit
   
   @objc protocol NotesRoutingLogic {
       func notesCreate(segue: UIStoryboardSegue?)
   }
   
   protocol NotesDataPassing {
       var dataStore: NotesDataStore? { get }
   }
   
   class NotesRouter: NSObject, NotesRoutingLogic, NotesDataPassing {
       weak var viewController: NotesViewController?
       var dataStore: NotesDataStore?
       
       // MARK: Routing
       func notesCreate(segue: UIStoryboardSegue?) {
           
       }
   }
   • Worker: The Worker component will fetch data from the repository to show to the user. This can include fetching pre-saved notes from the database.

   Example: NotesWorker.swift

   import UIKit
   class NotesWorker {
       func doSomeWork() {
           // This method can be used to perform tasks related to handling notes.
           // You can add functionality here to manipulate or process notes.
           // For example, saving notes to a database, fetching notes from a server, etc.
       }
   }
   

Clean Architectures in iOS: Take Your Pick

Clean architectures are becoming a go-to trend for iOS development. This architectural philosophy helps iOS developers create clean and concise codes for iOS applications. These codes are scalable, readable, testable, and easily modifiable.

All you need to do now is pick a clean architecture pattern that fits your application’s requirements. Still have questions? Check our FAQs to get more information.

Get Our Expert’s Help for Clean Architecture Implementation

Do you still need help understanding clean architecture and how it can benefit your project? Are you looking for a way to implement clean architecture principles in your iOS development project? Contact us today.

Space-O Technologies has a team of industry-best software architects with proven experience in implementing clean architecture principles. We have the right expertise to improve your project’s efficiency and quality through clean architecture implementation.